PPT

 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION //Spacial Organization is the arrangement of different objects. Points, lines, volumes. Forms to describe space.//
 * Principles of designing a space **
 * //Pattern// (organizes through its presence, regularity and continuity)
 * //Repetition//: (reproduction of the elements according to the proximityand visual characteristics)
 * //Proportion// ( proper correspondence between things and sizes )
 * //Unity// (relationship between the individual parts and the whole composition)
 * //Dominance of Hierarchy// (relates to varying degrees of emphasis in design) (dominant, subdominant, subordinate)
 * //Positive// //and negative space// ( juxtaposition of figure and ground composition. Where objects in the space represent the positive spaces)
 * //Position// (location of an element or a group of elements in the space)
 * //Axis// (the basic element for the distribution of an space, can be an imaginary line of a big avenue)
 * //Symmetry// (balance distribution of a space, very related to an axis, where you have the same shape in both sides of the axis)
 * Basic Dispositions ** (choices that you can make when distributing a space) all of them can be good ways of organizing a space.

(the first image about a city that comes to your mind associating it with a typical element)
 * //Radial// Organization: little parts of the city are dominated by a central space that is more important
 * //Grid// Organization: square shaped organization, grid shape organization, damero.
 * //Axial// organization: different areas of the city are distributed according to main axis.
 * //Organic// organization: doest follow and specific pattern, in these cities we cannot see a determined geometrical form. It is very common in cities that are trying to adjust to its topography.
 * Organizational Elements n the urban Context **


 * //Paths//: Channels along which people move.
 * //Edge:// Border lines not considered paths, lateral references
 * //Districts//: medium to large sections of the city.
 * //Nodes:// strategic spots into which an observer can enter. A conglomeration of uses.
 * //Landmarks//: external visual points of reference for the observer. They cannot enter. For example: A monument, an sculpture.

Knowing about special organization is fundamental for architects and urban planners, because we have to know how to take advantage of a certain area when planning it.

 Properties and Shapes

 __** Shapes Clasification

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* Artificial shapes: are that shapes created by the man. For example: a car, a chair, a table, etc.


__** Types of shapes:

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Two dimensional (flat shapes) and Three dimensional (shapes with volume).


__** Elements that conform shapes **__
 * Size: the size depends of the comparison with other physical object. It is the comparizon of bigger or smallest.
 * Color: shapes can be seen trought color. The color in the shape is the reaction of an object to the light rays troght which we perceive.
 * Texture: it refers to the external appearance of the objects.

 Structures

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Structural elements are the ones that compose the building holding it together. These parts can be: bearing walls, columns, horizontal beams, frames, arches, tensile structures, vaults, domes; between others. They all have an important role in supporting the structure. This means that their function in the architectural project goes far beyond decorative purposes. ======





 Wall-Post and Lintel

**//Wall  A wall is considered a solid body or structure that defines something. It can be made from different materials in order to satisfy the function for which it will be built. It can also be defined as a permanent upright construction with its length much greater than the thickness. It can be a continuous surface or it can be pierced with different elements like doors or windows. //** **//  Types of Walls //** **//Load Bearing Walls: //** //they support their own weight and the lateral and vertical forces. The thickness of the wall can change according to the needs of the load that it will have to carry. They are used to divide interior spaces and to protect from the environment constituting the facade. //
 * //Non Load Bearing Walls: //**<span style="font-size: 70%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> //<span style="font-size: 70%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">it is not a structural element and it is designed to carry its own weight, allowing the use of almost any kind of materials. They are often used to divide interior spaces without carrying loads and as surface veneers. //<span style="font-size: 70%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 168%; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);"> Arch- Framed Structure

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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> In the arch all the forces are resolved into compressive stresses. And it eliminates tensile stresses by spanning an open space. ===== <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">

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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 130%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">An arch is formed by several parts, these are: the key stone, the impost or Springer, the intrados or soffit, the rise or radio, the span or horizontal distance and the abutment. =====

<span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> **//<span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Natural Arch //**//<span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 160%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">: **<span style="font-size: 200%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">it is natural rock formation ** <span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> // //<span style="font-size: 90%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> //<span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> **// Vault: //**//<span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> it is an arch extended horizontally. //<span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Different Types of Arches **<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 110%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Blind Arch: //**//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> it is used for decorative purposes. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Half point Arch: //**//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> it is a semicircle arch. <span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> [[image:arch20041.jpg width="285" height="215"]]
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Pointed Arch: //**//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">it is also known as the ovigal arch. //
 * //<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Horseshoe: //**//<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">it is very commonly used in the Islamic buildings for decorative purposes. <span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> [[image:Hurvah_Synagogue_arch,_tb010200207-794097.jpg width="285" height="215"]]
 * // Flying buttress Arch: //**// it releases the pressure of the vault. //
 * //<span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Dome: //**//<span style="font-size: 50%; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: 170%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 120%;"><span style="font-size: 240%; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">arch rotated 360°.

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